Mode of action of Oral hypoglycemic Agents 

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, also known as gliflozins, are a class of oral hypoglycemic agents used to lower blood glucose levels in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Examples: Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin etc. 

Mode of Action:

  1. They work by blocking the function of the SGLT2 protein within the kidneys (PCT, 90% glucose reabsorption). This protein is primarily tasked with the reabsorption of glucose from the glomerular ultrafiltrate. 
  2. By inhibiting SGLT2, these drugs prevent the reabsorption of glucose, leading to increased urinary glucose excretion.
  3. This mechanism corrects hyperglycemia independently of insulin. As a result, blood glucose levels are reduced. 


Note: In addition to their glucose-lowering effect, SGLT2 inhibitors have been found to have benefits on cardiovascular and renal outcomes, independent of their effects on blood glucose. They may also promote weight loss and modest improvements in blood pressure and blood cholesterol levels. 

ADRs

  1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): SGLT2 inhibitors can increase the risk of developing UTIs.
  2. Yeast infections: Both men and women taking SGLT2 inhibitors are at an increased risk of genital yeast infections.
  3. Diabetic ketoacidosis
  4. Increased urination: SGLT2 inhibitors can lead to an increased frequency of urination.
  5. Glucosuria.  

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Image
MOA of Nitroglycerine  Nitroglycerine converted to NO (Active Metabolite)  NO bonds with Guanylyl cyclase and catalyzes the conversion of GTP to cyclic GMP. cGMP induces the enzyme Myosin LC phosphatase  Myosin-LC phosphatase dephosphorylates the phosphorylated myosin-LC (Contraction) to Myosin-LC (Relaxation)  Reducing Preload : Vasodilation promotes peripheral pooling of blood and decreases venous return to the heart , reducing preload. This results in decreased myocardial oxygen demand. Reducing Afterload : Arteriolar relaxation reduces systemic vascular resistance and arterial pressure, also known as afterload. This decreases the resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood, which reduces the workload of the heart. 
Read more
Image
Mechanism of Action of Angiotensin II Type- 1 (AT1) Receptor Blockers Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are a class of medications that work by blocking the effects of angiotensin II, a powerful hormone that constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure.  ARBs do this by binding to and blocking the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 receptor) , which is found in many tissues throughout the body, including the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys. When angiotensin II binds to the AT1 receptor, it causes a number of effects, including: Vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) Aldosterone release (a hormone that causes the kidneys to retain sodium and water) Catecholamine release (adrenaline and noradrenaline, which also raise blood pressure) Hypertrophic response (thickening of the heart muscle) By blocking the AT1 receptor, ARBs prevent these effects from occurring, which leads to a lowering of blood pressure.  ARBs are also known to have other beneficial effects, such as
Read more
Image
Classify antithyroid agents in terms of their mechanism of actions. Thyroid hormone synthesis inhibitors : These drugs inhibit the enzyme thyroid peroxidase, decreasing iodide oxidation, iodination of tyrosyl residues in thyroglobulin, and coupling of iodotyrosyl and iodothyronyl residues.  EXAMPLES : thioamides, which include propylthiouracil , methimazole , and its prodrug carbimazole. Iodide uptake inhibitors/ ionic Inhibitors : They decrease the uptake of iodide ions into follicular cells of the thyroid gland.  EXAMPLES : potassium perchlorate, pertechnetates, thiocyanates, and nitrates. Thyroid hormone release inhibitors : They inhibit the release of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. EXAMPLES : The most studied drug in this class is lithium . Thyroid hormone receptor antagonists : These drugs block the action of thyroid hormones at the cellular level. They do this by binding to thyroid hormone receptors and preventing thyroid hormones from exerting their effects. Examples in
Read more