Bioassay of Digitalis - Guinea Pig, Cat, Pigeon 

Bioassay of Oxytocin - Female Rat. 

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Illustrate the mechanism of action of sulfonic urea used as oral hypoglycemic agents. Enumerate the role of insulin on glucose utilization. MOA of Sulfonyl Acid Derivatives Sulfonylureas ( Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide ), a class of sulfonyl acid derivatives, have a significant action in lowering blood glucose levels in normal subjects and in  type 2 diabetics . The mechanism of action of sulfonylureas involves provoking a brisk release of insulin from the pancreas. MOA:  (1) They act on the so-called  ‘sulfonylurea receptors’ (SUR1)  on the pancreatic β cell membrane.  (2) This action causes  depolarization  by reducing the  conductance of ATP-sensitive K+ channels .  (Raised ATP production followed by raised Glucose also reduces the conductance of ATP sensitive K+ Channels) (3) This process enhances  Ca2+ influx  (Followed by the stimulation of Voltage sensitive Ca++ Channel)   and degranulation (followed by calcium dependent ...
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In spite of its effective analgesic activity aspirin is used in prevention of formation of atherosclerotic disorder – explain why?? Aspirin , also known as  acetylsalicylic acid  ( ASA ), is a  nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug  (NSAID) used to reduce  pain ,  fever , and/or  inflammation , and as an  antithrombotic .   Aspirin is widely known for its analgesic (pain-relieving) properties, but it also plays a crucial role in the prevention of atherosclerotic disorders. Aspirin irreversibly inactivates the Cyclooxygenase Enzyme ( Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase ) in the Arachidonic Acid Metabolism Pathway , and supress the production of Prostaglandin (PGs) and Thromboxane (TXs) and Prostacyclin ( Prostanoids ).  Atherosclerosis, also known as arteriosclerosis, is a condition where the arteries become thick and stiff due to the buildup of plaque. The plaque can also burst, leading to a blood clot.  ASPIRIN EFFECT ON PLAT...
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