Bioassay of Digitalis - Guinea Pig, Cat, Pigeon 

Bioassay of Oxytocin - Female Rat. 

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In spite of its effective analgesic activity aspirin is used in prevention of formation of atherosclerotic disorder – explain why?? Aspirin , also known as  acetylsalicylic acid  ( ASA ), is a  nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug  (NSAID) used to reduce  pain ,  fever , and/or  inflammation , and as an  antithrombotic .   Aspirin is widely known for its analgesic (pain-relieving) properties, but it also plays a crucial role in the prevention of atherosclerotic disorders. Aspirin irreversibly inactivates the Cyclooxygenase Enzyme ( Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase ) in the Arachidonic Acid Metabolism Pathway , and supress the production of Prostaglandin (PGs) and Thromboxane (TXs) and Prostacyclin ( Prostanoids ).  Atherosclerosis, also known as arteriosclerosis, is a condition where the arteries become thick and stiff due to the buildup of plaque. The plaque can also burst, leading to a blood clot.  ASPIRIN EFFECT ON PLAT...
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Mode of action of Oral hypoglycemic Agents  Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, also known as gliflozins , are a class of oral hypoglycemic agents used to lower blood glucose levels in adults with type 2 diabetes. Examples: Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin etc.   Mode of Action: They work by blocking the function of the SGLT2 protein within the kidneys (PCT, 90% glucose reabsorption). This protein is primarily tasked with the reabsorption of glucose from the glomerular ultrafiltrate .  By inhibiting SGLT2, these drugs prevent the reabsorption of glucose, leading to increased urinary glucose excretion. This mechanism corrects hyperglycemia independently of insulin. As a result, blood glucose levels are reduced.  Note: In addition to their glucose-lowering effect, SGLT2 inhibitors have been found to have benefits on cardiovascular and renal outcomes, independent of their effects on blood glucose. They may also promote weight loss and mo...
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