Second-generation antihistamines (eg, cetirizine, loratadine)

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Illustrate the mechanism of action of sulfonic urea used as oral hypoglycemic agents. Enumerate the role of insulin on glucose utilization. MOA of Sulfonyl Acid Derivatives Sulfonylureas ( Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide ), a class of sulfonyl acid derivatives, have a significant action in lowering blood glucose levels in normal subjects and in  type 2 diabetics . The mechanism of action of sulfonylureas involves provoking a brisk release of insulin from the pancreas. MOA:  (1) They act on the so-called  ‘sulfonylurea receptors’ (SUR1)  on the pancreatic β cell membrane.  (2) This action causes  depolarization  by reducing the  conductance of ATP-sensitive K+ channels .  (Raised ATP production followed by raised Glucose also reduces the conductance of ATP sensitive K+ Channels) (3) This process enhances  Ca2+ influx  (Followed by the stimulation of Voltage sensitive Ca++ Channel)   and degranulation (followed by calcium dependent ...
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Major Side effects of Nitroglycerine Major side effect is Peripheral Oedema  Explanation: Nitroglycerine is a potent vasodilator, it Dephosphorylates the phosphorylated Myosin light chain and thereby prevents the actin-myosin crosslinking and relaxes the Vascular smooth muscle. In that way, Nitroglycerine increases the Vascular Permeability and more exudate can reach the peripheral Tissues resulting Oedema.  Less Common Side Effects: Bloating or swelling of the face, arms, hands, lower legs, or feet Burning, crawling, itching, numbness, prickling, “pins and needles”, or tingling feelings Difficult or labored breathing Feeling of warmth or heat Flushing or redness of the skin, especially on the face and neck Sweating Rare Side Effects: Bluish-colored lips, fingernails, or palms Dark urine Fever Pale skin Rapid heart rate Incidence Not Known: Arm, back, or jaw pain Blurred vision Symptoms of Overdose: Bluish-colored lips, fingernails, or palms Blurred or loss of vision
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Osmotic diuretics are a type of medication that can be used to manage cerebral edema.  Cerebral edema is a condition where an excess of cerebral water accumulates due to primary neurological or non-neurological causes. This excess fluid can cause additional injury often in excess of the original neurological insult. MOA Osmotic diuretics work by increasing the osmolality of the blood. This increase in osmolality draws water out of the brain’s cells and interstitial spaces and into the bloodstream. This shift of fluid helps to decrease the intracranial pressure (ICP), which is often elevated in cases of cerebral edema. One commonly used osmotic diuretic is mannitol. Although the osmotic diuresis seen with mannitol does facilitate reduction in cerebral edema, redistribution of the cerebral plasma volume ultimately leads to increased cerebral blood flow and a concomitant vasoconstrictive response of the intracerebral vasculature that decreases intracerebral pressure. DOSE  Oral -...
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